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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets (or banks) of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at a right angle (90°) to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°, and 72° most common.In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft. However, this simple configuration, with a flat- or single-plane crankshaft, has the same secondary dynamic imbalance problems as two straight-4s, resulting in vibrations in large engine displacements. Since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, while being considerably less expensive than a V12.Most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. This article needs additional citations for.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) A V8 engine is an with the cylinders mounted on the in two sets (or banks) of four, with all eight driving a common. Most banks are set at a right angle (90°) to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°, and 72° most common.In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel sharing a common crankshaft. However, this simple configuration, with a flat- or single-plane crankshaft, has the same problems as two straight-4s, resulting in vibrations in large. Since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crankshaft with heavy to eliminate the vibrations.
This results in an engine that is smoother than a, while being considerably less expensive than a.Most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. Main articles: andThe 90 degree V8 is made with two different type of crankshaft, the flat-plane and cross-plane:. The or single-plane crankshaft is the original V8 design, which has its crank pins at 180°. As they always move two pistons together, the is twice as strong (and half as frequent) as cross-plane, unless are used, with a counter rotating pair flanking the crankshaft transverse to the crankshaft centreline.
As it has nearly perfect plane balance, it does not normally require counterweights. The crankshaft with less mass and thus inertia allows quicker revving up and down, in addition to the firing being LRLRLRLR or RLRLRLRL with regular overall and per-bank pulse spacings for uniform combustion without requiring a complicated exhaust system.
The design was popularized in modern racing by the 1.5 L (92 cu in) V8 that evolved from a cross-plane to a flat-plane configuration (with longer conrods). Flat-plane V8s on road cars come from (every V8 model they have ever made, from the 1973, to the new 488), (the ), (the Speed Eight), (the ), as well as (the ).
This design is popular in racing engines, the most famous example being the. The or two-plane crankshaft is the configuration used in most V8 road cars. The first and last of the four crank pins are at 180° with respect to each other as are the second and third, with each pair at 90° to the other, so that viewed from the end the crankshaft forms a cross. The cross-plane have half as strong (and twice as frequent) secondary vibration than flat-plane, but requires heavy counterweights on the crankshaft to counter caused by plane imbalances (See for details). With the Secondary Vibration advantage, the cross-plane V8 can be scaled up to large displacements without causing destructive vibration. However, the use of heavy counterweights makes the cross-plane V8 a slow-revving engine that cannot speed up or slow down quickly compared to flat-plane because of the greater rotating mass.
While the firing of the cross-plane V8 is evenly spaced overall, the firings on the 'L'eft and 'R'ight banks are LRLLRLRR or RLRRLRLL, resulting in uneven intake and exhaust pulse spacing for each bank. In stock cars with exhaust manifolds merging four exhaust ports into one exit, this results in uneven filling/scavenging of intake/exhaust gas in the cylinders (that prevents uniform combustion across cylinders) causing the typical sound that many people have come to associate with American V8s.
In all-out racing cars it leads to the need to connect exhaust pipes between the two banks to design an optimal exhaust system, resulting in the long exhaust pipes that resemble a as in the. This complex and encumbering exhaust system has been a major problem for single-seater racing car designers, so they tended to use stub exhaust pipes in the 1950s, or place exhaust ports on the inside of the V angle as on the 4.2 L (256 cu in) Ford Indy engine in.The cross-plane approach was neither obvious nor simple to design. For this reason, most early V8 engines, including those from, and, were flat-plane. The advance to a cross-plane was proposed at an automotive engineering conference in the United States in 1915, but it took another eight years to bring to production. Cadillac and Peerless (who had hired an ex-Cadillac mathematician for the job) applied for a patent on the cross-plane simultaneously, and the two agreed to share the idea.
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Ashrae 70 2006 Ashrae 90.1 Pdf Free Download. Standard Number: ASHRAE 70-1991. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating. First published in 1972, Standard 70 defines laboratory methods of testing air outlets and air inlets used to terminate ducted and unducted systems for.
Cadillac introduced their ' V8 in 1923, with the 'Equipoised Eight' from Peerless appearing in November 1924.ApplicationThe V8 with a crossplane crankshaft (see below) is a common configuration for large engines. V8 engines are rarely less than 3.0 L (183 cu in) in displacement and in automobile use have exceeded 8.2 L (500 cu in) in production vehicles, such as the early 1970s. In some applications, e.g. Industrial and marine V8 engines, displacement can be even larger.In automobiles V8 engines are used in a wide variety of cars and trucks, mostly in more powerful segments and types of vehicles such as American,.
Many car manufacturers offer a V8 as an option in vehicles which have a or as standard engine, often casting it as a symbol of exclusivity and prestige. In some cases, V6 engines are derived from V8 designs by removing two cylinders while maintaining the same V-angle so they can be built on the same assembly lines as the V8s and installed in the same engine compartments with few modifications. Some of these employ offset crankpins driving connecting rod pairs, enabling a regular firing sequence.The traditional 90° big-bore V8 engine, as found on many American makes, is generally both too wide and long to fit in vehicles with a layout, so its applications are limited to sports cars, muscle cars, luxury cars. The shorter and occasionally narrower V6 engine is easier to fit in small engine compartments, but a few compact V8 engines are used in transverse FWD and transverse AWD engine configurations in larger cars, such as.
These engines often have tighter cylinder bore spacings, narrower cylinder bank angles, and other modifications to reduce their space requirements.In motorsports, V8s are common and have been a popular engine choice in purpose-designed engines for race-cars in many different types and classes of automotive racing, with use for example in the Formula-1 or the American NASCAR-racing league. They usually have flat-plane crankshafts, since a crossplane crankshaft results in uneven firing into the exhaust which interferes with, and the crossplane's heavy crankshaft counterweights can prevent the engine from accelerating rapidly.
However, due to the inherent vibration that's found in flat plane V8s, most large displacement V8s, even in motorsports, are cross-plane, including those found in and.Medium-weight tend to use the straight-6 configuration since it is simpler and easier to maintain, and because the straight-6 is an inherently balanced layout which can be scaled up to any size necessary. Large V8s are found in the larger truck and industrial equipment lines.Although it was the early choice for aircraft engines, the V8 engine is seldom used in modern aircraft engine as the typically heavy crankshaft counterweights are a liability. Modern light planes commonly use the configuration instead as it is lighter and easier to. In addition it can be manufactured in modular designs sharing components with and engines. One of the few V8 engines used for aircraft propulsion in the World War II years was the German inverted V8 configuration, air-cooled powerplant.Automobile Americanproduced the first American V8 engine in a production vehicle, the 1914.
It was a sophisticated unit with cast iron paired closed-head cylinders bolted to an aluminium crankcase, and it used a flat-plane crankshaft. Followed the next year, introducing a V8 licensed from manufacturer,.
By 1917 Chevrolet had also designed a V8 engine which it began mass-producing. Advanced in its design the engine had a central camshaft operating vertical overhead valves in each cylinder bank. The engine design used a counterweighted crankshaft, and detachable crossflow cylinder head, displacing 288 cu in (4.7 L) and producing, for the period, an impressive 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS). It was primarily used in the.Cadillac and Peerless were one year apart again (1923 and 1924, respectively) with the introduction of the cross-plane crankshaft. Also had V8 cars in those years, as did, Northway (supplier to ), (, and ), Perkins , Murray, Vernon, and Yale. Oakland, a division of GM, introduced an 85 hp (63 kW) 250 cu in (4.1 L) V8 with a 180° crankshaft in 1930–1931.
In 1932, the Oakland marque was discontinued and the V8 was used in its companion marque, Pontiac, for one year. Pontiac dropped the V8 engine in 1933 and replaced it with its smoother running Silver-Streak straight eight.Ford was the first company in the world to use V8s en masse, meaning producing them in very large quantities for use in mass-produced vehicles. Instead of going to an like its competitors when something larger than an was needed, Ford designed a simple V8, the of 1932. This flat head engine powered almost all larger Ford cars through the 1953 production year, and was produced until around 1970 by Ford licensees around the world, with the valve-in-block engine powering mostly commercial vehicles. The gasoline-fueled engine produced from 1940 to 1950 with a capacity of 1,100 cu in (18.0 L) is the largest displacement V8 production engine to date, and was used as a power option for the U.S.
Army's tank in World War II.After, the strong demand for larger status-symbol cars made the common straight-6 less marketable. Straight-8 engines have problems with crankshaft whip and require a longer engine bay. In the new wider body styles, a V8 would fit in the same space as a straight-6. Manufacturers could simplify production and offer the bigger engines as optional upgrades to base models.In 1949, (GM) responded to Ford's V8 success by introducing the. Introduced its 232 cu in (3.8 L) OHV V8 in January 1951 for 1951 model-year Commanders and Commander Land Cruisers. The first production versions were installed in 1950 model-year Commanders in late December 1950.
Introduced their 331 cu in (5.4 L) in 1951. Followed in 1953, while and GM's and introduced V8s of their own in 1955. (AMC) initially purchased V8 engines from Packard, but developed its own lower-weight, 600 lb (272 kg), design in 1956. 1964 AC Cobra at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009. 4.7-litre Ford V8Problems playing this file?
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See.A full history of each American manufacturer's engines is outside of the scope in this article, but engine sizes on grew throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and into the early-to-mid-1970s. The increasing size of full-size cars meant smaller models of car were introduced and became more popular, with the result, by the 1960s, Chrysler, Buick, Ford, and Chevrolet had two V8 model ranges - Ford was the only car maker to try to emulate the V8s in any manner in the 1960s, first with its hemispherical-head -derived, design, then with the part-hemispherical head design used for the 's engine.The larger engines, known as, were used in the full-size cars and muscle cars. Big-blocks generally had displacements in excess of 360 cu in (5.9 L). Big-block displacement reached its zenith with the 1970 's 500 cu in (8.2 L).
During the 1970s, due to the oil crises and the gradual tightening of emission-standards, big-block V8s were affected and as a result their use in passenger cars decreased as manufacturers began to phase them out over more efficient designs. However, in and other larger vehicles, primarily in the North American market, big-block V8s continue to be used until today, though some manufacturers, such as for example the Ford Motor Company took a different approach and developed V10s for use in their heavy duty commercial vehicles, such as Trucks and Vans, and/or used small-block derived designs in both diesel, e.g., as well as petrol applications for improved power and efficiency.
To this day Big-block V8s are commonly used in a wide variety of automotive racing mostly across North America, and such engines are available from many small and independent engine builders.Smaller engines, known as, were fitted in the ranges and generally displaced between 270 cu in (4.4 L) and 360 cu in (5.9 L), though some grew as large as Ford's 402 cu in (6.6 L). There is overlap between big-block and small-block ranges, and a factory engine between 6.0 and 6.6 L (366 and 403 cu in) could belong to either class. Engines of this general design architecture and category are still in production to date, albeit much evolved and advanced since their inception in the first half of the 20th century.During the 1950s, 1960s, and, 1970s, every GM division had their own unique engines, whose merits and architectures varied.
This enabled each division to have its own unique engine character, but made for much duplication of effort. Most, like the comparatively small and familiar, were shared across many divisions. Ford and had fewer divisions, and favoured brand-specific shared designs. Eventually GM also began to phase-out several division-specific engines in the late 1970s, but has never gone to a single V8 architecture design.GM 's modern big block engine family named included the 7400 and 8100. BritishThe was the first British V8.
It is a 3.5 L (214 cu in) with side valves and a 90° angle. Designed on 1956 Ferrari-Lancia D50For the 2.5 L era of 1954–1960, two British racing V8s were built in. One was the named the Godiva, and the other was the little-known Brooke Weston.Because of 's decision not to release the engine to, and at the time, the Godiva did not debut until 1966 when it raced under the 3 Litre formula on at the with an enlarged 3 Litre displacement.Brooke Weston V8 was scheduled to be installed on an, but this did not materialise due to 's declining health prompted the sale of ERA, which pulled out of the project.raced designed V8 DS50 engine on in 1954. When Lancia withdrew from racing in 1955, bought the Lancia team and continued to develop it. Won the in the DS50-powered Ferrari-Lancia D50.The 1.5 L Formula One era of 1961–1965 included V8 engines from Ferrari,. Ferrari, BRM and ATS used their engines in their cars, while Coventry Climax and BRM sold engines to constructors. Apart from 's, which he won in a V6-powered Ferrari, all the other World Drivers' Champions ( in, in, in, and Clark again in ) drove V8-powered cars to their victories.
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Also, from 1962 to 1965, the top three manufacturers in each season's Manufacturer's Championship all predominantly used V8 engines in their cars.The first two seasons of the 3.0 L normally aspirated/1.5 L supercharged Formula One era of 1966–1986 were won by cars with V8 engines. From 1968 to 1981, F1 was largely dominated by teams using the engine. During this time, the Manufacturers' Championship was won by Cosworth DFV powered cars every season except 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1979, which were won by 12-cylinder Ferraris., and each won a World Drivers' Championship in a Cosworth DFV powered car, while won two and won three.Throughout the 1970s the Cosworth V8 faced stiff competition from the V12/Flat 12 engines of Matra, Ferrari and Alfa Romeo. However, because of the 90 degree V8 design of the Cosworth, it was much lighter, simpler, more fuel efficient and more compact than its 12-cylinder rivals. What kept the Cosworth V8 competitive was because it was a compact, narrow engine it had less frontal area than a V12/flat 12, giving the teams who used it better aero balance resulting in better downforce and straightline speed.
In the late-1970s, Lotus used 'ground effect' venturi tunnels with 'sliding skirts' to enhance roadholding and the Lotus 79 powered by the FV V8 dominated the 1978 season, ending Ferrari's three year dominance of the constructors championship. The Ligier and Brabham also switched from bulky heavy V12s to the DFV during the 1979/1980 seasons. The 15-year-old Cosworth DFVV was narrow and fit the ground effects better than the Ferrari flat 12. The British kit car teams used the old engine to exploit ground effect to win the drivers championship in 1978, 1980, 1981, and 1982.Between the years 1995 and 2005, all Formula One cars used engines with a 3-litre displacement, by 2005 these were all.
Later regulations and safety concerns by the considered speeds were getting too high to be safe, after the complete banning of in 1989, the permitted engine size was further reduced to 2.4 L V8. This reduced average power output of the engines from 900–950 bhp (670–710 kW), in the 2005 season, to a 2006 season average of approx. 750–800 bhp (560–600 kW) — equivalent to power outputs that were being achieved on 3 L around the 1999/2000 seasons.